Chemistry > Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > 12.0 Hybridisation
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
1.0 Ionic Bond or Electrovalent Bond
2.0 Lattice Energy
3.0 Characteristics of Electrovalent Compounds
4.0 Covalent Bond (By Mutual Sharing of Electrons)
5.0 Characteristics of Covalent Compounds
6.0 Fajan’s Rule
7.0 Hydrogen Bonding
8.0 Coordinate Bond
9.0 Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory
10.0 Valence Bond Theory
11.0 Sigma and Pi Bonds ($\sigma $ and $\pi $ Bonds)
12.0 Hybridisation
12.1 Types of hybridization and spatial orientation of hybrid orbitals
12.2 Method of predicting the Hybrid state of the central atom in covalent molecules of polyatomic ions
13.0 Molecular Orbital Theory
12.1 Types of hybridization and spatial orientation of hybrid orbitals
12.2 Method of predicting the Hybrid state of the central atom in covalent molecules of polyatomic ions
The geometry and shapes of various species on the basis of VSEPR theory along with hybrid state of central atom is given below in tabular form.
Types of atomic orbitals used | Hybridization | Orientation of hybrid orbitals | Examples | |
1. | one $s$ + one $p$-orbital | $sp$ | Linear | $BeF_2$, $BeCl_2$, $C_2H_6$ |
2. | one $s$ + two $p$-orbitals | $sp^2$ | Trigonal planar | $BF_3$, $C_2H_4$ |
3. | one $s$ + three $p$-orbitals | $sp^3$ | Tetrahedral | $CH_4$, $CCl_4$, $SiF_4$ |
4. | one $s$ + three $p$ + $d$ | $sp^3d$ | Trigonal bipyramidal | $PF_5$, $PCl_5$ |
5. | one $s$ + three $p$ + two $d$ | $sp^3d^2$ | Octahedral | $SF_5$, $IF_5$ |
6. | one $s$ + three $p$ + three $d$ | $sp^3d^3$ | Pentagonal Bipyramidal | $IF_7$ |
7. | One $d$ + one $s$ + two $p$ | $dsp^2$ | Square planar | Only in complexes like $[Ni(CN)_4]^{2-}$, $[PtCl_4]^{2-}$ etc. |
