15.0 Amides

15.1 Physical Properties
15.2 Chemical Properties

1. Amides from Acyl chloride Primary amines, secondary amines and ammonia all react rapidly with acid chloride to form amides. An excess of ammonia or amine is used to neutralized the $HCl$ that would be formed otherwise.

2. Amides from acid anhydride

3. From Esters (Ammonolysis): Ester undergoes nucleophilic substitution at their acyl carbon by nucleophilic ammonia or its derivative

4. By partial hydrolysis of alkyl nitriles.