9.1 Directive influence of the groups during substitutions in benzene ring

1.1 A Resonance Picture of Benzene
1.2 The Stability of Benzene
1.3 The Resonance Explanation of the Structure of Benzene
1.4 Bond lengths and angles in benzene
1.5 Hückle’s Rule: The $\left( {4n{\text{ }} + {\text{ }}2} \right)\pi $ Electron Rule

2.1 A General Mechanism for Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution

7.1 Limitations of Friedel - Crafts Reactions

8.1 Donation of electrons into a benzene ring by resonance
8.2 Withdrawal of electrons from a benzene ring by resonance

9.1 Directive influence of the groups during substitutions in benzene ring
9.2 Mechanism of o and p-directing groups
9.3 Mechanism of o- and p-directing groups not have unshared pair of electrons
9.4 Mechanism of o- and p-directing gps having unshared pair of electron(s)
9.5 Mechanism of m-directing groups
9.6 Competitive orienting effect of two substituents

10.1 Halogenation of the side chain
10.2 Oxidation of side chain

(a) The position of new incoming group (guest) in ${C_6}{H_6}$ nucleus is decided by the group already present in nucleus (host). This is known as directive influence of the host group present in the nucleus.

(b) Directive influence of the host group is of two types i.e. the group already present in nucleus during further substitution of a group acts as

(ii) or meta directing nature

(c) On the basis of their directive influence, the substituents have been classified as:

‘o’- and ‘p’- directing groups: $-N{H_2},{\text{ }}-NHR,{\text{ }}-N{R_2},{\text{ }}-OH,{\text{ }}-OR,{\text{ }}-SH,{\text{ }}-SR,{\text{ }}-C{H_3},-C{H_2}R,{\text{ }}-CH{R_2},{\text{ }}-C{R_2},{\text{ }}-{C_6}{H_5},{\text{ }}-Cl,{\text{ }}-Br,{\text{ }}-I,{\text{ }}-C{H_2}OH,{\text{ }}-C{H_2}Cl,{\text{ }}-C{H_2}N{H_2},{\text{ }}-C{H_2}CN,{\text{ }}-C{H_2}COOH,{\text{ }}-CH{\text{ }} = {\text{ }}CH{\text{ }}-{\text{ }}COOH$

‘m’-directing groups: $-N{O_2},{\text{ }}-S{O_2}H,{\text{ }}-S{O_2}Cl,{\text{ }}-CHO,{\text{ }}-COOH,{\text{ }}-COOH,{\text{ }}-COCl,-COOR,{\text{ }}-COR,{\text{ }}-COCOOH,{\text{ }}-CC{l_3},{\text{ }}-{N^ + }{H_3},{\text{ }}-{N^ + }{H_2}R,{\text{ }}-{N^ + }{R_3}$