Chemistry > Aromatic Compounds > 9.0 Ortho / Para Ratio
Aromatic Compounds
1.0 The Structure of Benzene
1.1 A Resonance Picture of Benzene
1.2 The Stability of Benzene
1.3 The Resonance Explanation of the Structure of Benzene
1.4 Bond lengths and angles in benzene
1.5 Hückle’s Rule: The $\left( {4n{\text{ }} + {\text{ }}2} \right)\pi $ Electron Rule
2.0 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions
3.0 Nitration
4.0 Sulphonation
5.0 Halogenation
6.0 Friedel-Crafts Alkylation
7.0 Friedel-Crafts Acylation
8.0 Orientation and Reactivity in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
8.1 Donation of electrons into a benzene ring by resonance
8.2 Withdrawal of electrons from a benzene ring by resonance
9.0 Ortho / Para Ratio
9.1 Directive influence of the groups during substitutions in benzene ring
9.2 Mechanism of o and p-directing groups
9.3 Mechanism of o- and p-directing groups not have unshared pair of electrons
9.4 Mechanism of o- and p-directing gps having unshared pair of electron(s)
9.5 Mechanism of m-directing groups
9.6 Competitive orienting effect of two substituents
10.0 Reactions of Alkyl Benzenes
9.2 Mechanism of o and p-directing groups
The o- and p-directing groups (except alkyl and $CO{O^ - }$) have unshared pair of electrons on the atom attached on benzene nucleus. The mechanism is therefore discussed in terms of two aspects.1.2 The Stability of Benzene
1.3 The Resonance Explanation of the Structure of Benzene
1.4 Bond lengths and angles in benzene
1.5 Hückle’s Rule: The $\left( {4n{\text{ }} + {\text{ }}2} \right)\pi $ Electron Rule
8.2 Withdrawal of electrons from a benzene ring by resonance
9.2 Mechanism of o and p-directing groups
9.3 Mechanism of o- and p-directing groups not have unshared pair of electrons
9.4 Mechanism of o- and p-directing gps having unshared pair of electron(s)
9.5 Mechanism of m-directing groups
9.6 Competitive orienting effect of two substituents
