Chemistry > Thermodynamics and Thermochemistry > 1.0 Introduction to Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics and Thermochemistry
1.0 Introduction to Thermodynamics
1.1 Importance of Thermodynamics
1.2 Limitations of Thermodynamics
1.3 Some Basic Terms of Thermodynamics
2.0 Thermodynamic Processes
2.1 Some other important relations of adiabatic process
2.2 Reversible and Irreversible Processes
2.3 Polytropic Process
3.0 Heat $(Q)$
4.0 Work $(W)$
5.0 Internal Energy
6.0 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamic
7.0 First Law of Thermodynamics
8.0 Heat Capacity
9.0 Enthalpy $(H)$ or Heat Content
10.0 Significance of $?H$ and $?E$
11.0 Relationship Between $?H$ and $?E$
12.0 Standard Enthalpy of Reaction
12.1 Molar Enthalpy of Fusion $\left( {\Delta {H_{fus}}} \right)$
12.2 Molar Enthalpy of Vaporisation $(\Delta {H_{vap}})$
12.3 Enthalpy of Sublimation $\left( {\Delta {H_{sub}}} \right)$
12.4 Enthalpy of Formation
12.5 Enthalpy of Combustion $\left( {\Delta {H_c}} \right)$
12.6 Enthalpy of Neutralization $\left( {\Delta {H_{neu}}} \right)$
12.7 Enthalpy of Solution $\left( {\Delta {H_{sol}}} \right)$
13.0 Law of Thermodynamics
14.0 Bond Energy or Bond Enthalpies
15.0 Second Law of Thermodynamic
16.0 Entropy (S)
16.1 Some Important points Related to Entropy
16.2 Entropy Change in Various Thermodynamic Process
16.3 Entropy Change in Phase Transformation
17.0 Spontaneous Processes
18.0 Free Energy (G)
19.0 Enthalpy, Entropy, Free Energy Changes and The Nature of Process
20.0 Standard Free Energy Change
21.0 Coupled Reactions
22.0 Third Law of Thermodynamic
22.1 Third Law of Thermodynamics, Entropy ? Temperature
22.2 Limitations of Third Law of Thermodynamics
23.0 Important Facts
1.3 Some Basic Terms of Thermodynamics
1.2 Limitations of Thermodynamics
1.3 Some Basic Terms of Thermodynamics
2.2 Reversible and Irreversible Processes
2.3 Polytropic Process
12.2 Molar Enthalpy of Vaporisation $(\Delta {H_{vap}})$
12.3 Enthalpy of Sublimation $\left( {\Delta {H_{sub}}} \right)$
12.4 Enthalpy of Formation
12.5 Enthalpy of Combustion $\left( {\Delta {H_c}} \right)$
12.6 Enthalpy of Neutralization $\left( {\Delta {H_{neu}}} \right)$
12.7 Enthalpy of Solution $\left( {\Delta {H_{sol}}} \right)$
16.2 Entropy Change in Various Thermodynamic Process
16.3 Entropy Change in Phase Transformation
22.2 Limitations of Third Law of Thermodynamics
(1) System: A system is defined as that part of the universe which is under investigation.
(2) Surroundings: The part of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings
Universe $=$ System $+$ Surroundings
Types of System
(i) Isolated System - A system that cannot exchange mass and/or energy from the surroundings,
For example:- Ice, milk, or any other liquid kept in a thermos flask
(ii) Closed system - It exchange only energy from the surroundings,
For example:-
(a) Water in the closed bottle (boundaries of closed system act as a conductor of heat)
(b) Heating of ${C_a}C{O_3}$ in sealed tube, etc.
(iii) Open system - It exchanges energy and mass both from the surroundings,
For example:- Trees in a forest, tea in an open cup, etc.
(iv) Macro System - A very large number of molecules/atoms are present in this system Properties of a macro system is called macro properties,
For example:- pressure, temperature, density, composition, viscosity, surface tension, colour, refractive index, etc.
(v) State of the system - The system in which the values of macro properties are definite. It is said to be in the definite state, Thus, the state of the system is determined by its macro properties.
(vi) State Functions - The properties of a system which depend only on initial and final states, and do not depend on its path,
For example:- Free energy, enthalpy, internal energy, etc.
(vii) Extensive Property - The property which depends on the amount of substance present in the system,
For example:- Mass volume, Heat capacity, Entropy, Enthalpy, Free energy, Internal energy etc.
(viii) Intensive Property - These do not depend on the amount of substance present in the system,
For example:- Temperature, Density, viscosity, Melting point, Boiling point, Surface tension, Refractive index, etc.
