8.1 Soap

2.1 Analgesics
2.2 Control of microbial diseases
2.3 Antibiotics
2.4 Broad spectrum antibiotics
2.5 Sulpha Drugs
2.6 Antihistamines
2.7 Antiseptics and Disinfectants

3.1 Conditions which a dye must satisfy
3.2 Classification of dyes

4.1 Creams
4.2 Perfumes
4.3 Talcum powder
4.4 Deodorants

7.1 Artificial sweeteners
7.2 Preservatives
7.3 Edible colours

8.1 Soap
8.2 Non-soapy detergent or synthetic detergents

9.1 Solid propellants
9.2 Liquid propellants
9.3 Hybrid propellants

A soap is a sodium or potassium salt of some long chain carboxylic acids (fatty acids). Sodium salts of fatty acids are known as hard soaps and potassium salts of fatty acids are known as soft soaps. Hard soaps are used for washing purpose and soft soaps are used as toilet soaps, shaving creams and shampoos. Some examples of soap are sodium stearate,${C_{17}}{H_{35}}CO{O^ - }N{a^ + }$ , sodium palmitate,${C_{15}}{H_{31}}CO{O^ - }N{a^ + }$ and sodium oleate.${C_{17}}{H_{33}}CO{O^ - }N{a^ + }$ .

Soap is prepared by heating oil or fat of vegetable or animal origin with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution.