Isomerism
1.0 Isomerism
2.0 Structural Isomerism
2.1 Chain or Nuclear Isomerism
2.2 ${C_5}{H_{12}}$ stands for three chain isomers
2.3 Cyclohexane and methyl cyclopentane are nuclear isomerism
2.4 Position Isomerism
2.5 Functional Isomerism
2.6 Metamerism
2.7 Ring Chain Isomerism
3.0 Tautomerism
3.1 Structural requirement for tautomrism
3.2 Cause of tautomerism
3.3 Keto-enol tautomerim
3.4 Percentage Composition of Tautomeric Mixture
3.5 Triad System containing Nitrogen
3.6 Mechanism of tautomerism
3.7 Stereoisomerism
3.8 Geometrical Isomerism
3.9 Reason of Occurrence of geometrical Isomerism
4.0 Geometrical isomerism in the compounds containing C=N
4.1 Geometrical isomerism in the compounds containing N=N
4.2 Geometrical Isomerism in Cyclic Compounds
4.3 Stability of cis, Trans (or) Geometrical isomers
4.4 Number of Geometrical isomers
4.5 E and Z nomenclature of geometrical isomers
5.0 Optical Isomerism
5.1 Optical Activity
5.2 Asymmetric carbon (or) Chiral Carbon
5.3 Optical isomerism in bromo chloro iodo methane
6.0 Optical isomerism in compounds having more than one chiral carbons
6.1 Elements of symmetry
6.2 Centre of Symmetry
6.3 Stereoisomerism in Tartaric Acid
6.4 Calculation of number of optical isomers
7.0 Optically active compounds having no asymmetric carbon
6.4 Calculation of number of optical isomers
2.2 ${C_5}{H_{12}}$ stands for three chain isomers
2.3 Cyclohexane and methyl cyclopentane are nuclear isomerism
2.4 Position Isomerism
2.5 Functional Isomerism
2.6 Metamerism
2.7 Ring Chain Isomerism
3.2 Cause of tautomerism
3.3 Keto-enol tautomerim
3.4 Percentage Composition of Tautomeric Mixture
3.5 Triad System containing Nitrogen
3.6 Mechanism of tautomerism
3.7 Stereoisomerism
3.8 Geometrical Isomerism
3.9 Reason of Occurrence of geometrical Isomerism
4.2 Geometrical Isomerism in Cyclic Compounds
4.3 Stability of cis, Trans (or) Geometrical isomers
4.4 Number of Geometrical isomers
4.5 E and Z nomenclature of geometrical isomers
5.2 Asymmetric carbon (or) Chiral Carbon
5.3 Optical isomerism in bromo chloro iodo methane
6.2 Centre of Symmetry
6.3 Stereoisomerism in Tartaric Acid
6.4 Calculation of number of optical isomers
The number of optical isomers of an organic compound depends on its structure and number of asymmetric carbon atoms. thus, the number of optical isomers may be determined from the knowledge of the structure of the compound as follows:
1. When the molecule is unsymmetrical
No. of optically active isomers, $a = {2^n}$
Number of meso forms $(m) = 0$
Number of racemic mixtures, $r = \frac{a}{2}$
$\therefore $ Total no. of optically active isomers $ = (a + m) = {2^n}$
2. When the molecule is symmetrical and has even no. of asymmetric carbon atoms.
No. of optically active isomers, $a = {2^{(n-1)}}$
No. of meso forms, $m = {2^{[n/2--1]}}$
No. of racemic mixtures, $r = \frac{a}{2}$
$\therefore $ Total no. of optically active isomers $= a + m.$
3. When the molecule is symmetrical and has an odd no. of asymmetrical carbon atoms.
no. of optically active isomers, $a = {2^{(n-1)}}-{2^{(n/2-1/2)}}$
No. of meso forms, $m = {2^{(n/2-\frac{1}{2})}}$
$\therefore $ Total no. of optically active isomers $ = (a + m) = {2^{(n-1)}}$
