5.2 Chemical Properties

Chemistry > p Block Elements > 5.0 Group $14$ – The Carbon family

  p Block Elements
    1.0 Group $13$ – The Boron Family
    2.0 Boron
    3.0 Compounds of boron
    4.0 Compounds of Aluminium
    5.0 Group $14$ – The Carbon family
    6.0 Allotropes of Carbon
    7.0 Compounds of Carbon
    8.0 Properties of Silicon
    9.0 Group $15$-The Nitrogen Family
    10.0 Oxides of nitrogen
    11.0 Oxyacids of Nitrogen
    12.0 Phosphorus
    13.0 Oxygen
    14.0 Sulphur
5.2 Chemical Properties
Hydrides: Hydrides of carbon are hydrocarbons. In case of $Si$-Silicanes ($Si_nH_{(2n+2)}$, for $Ge$-Germanes $(Ge_nH_{2n+2}$), $SnH_4$ - Stannane, $PbH_4$ - Plumbane. Stability of hydrides decreases down the group.


Halides: Formula - $MX_4$ ( All the tetrahalides are covalent molecules )

  • Hydrolysis: The chlorides except $CCl_4$ are hydrolyzed readily by water. $$SiC{l_4} + {H_2}O \to Si{(OH)_4}\left( {{\text{Silicic acid}}} \right) + 4HCl$$ $CCl_4$ do not form complexes because carbon does not have vacant $d$-orbitals in its valence shell and can not increase its coordination number.

    Carbon does not form dihalides but other elements form dihalides $MX_2$. The stability of dihalides increases down the group.

    Ex- $PbX_2$ is more stable than $PbX_4$ and on the other hand $GeX_4$ is more stable than $GeX_2$.

Reagent

Reactivity


$H_2O$

$C$, $S$, $Ge$, $Pb$ unaffected by $H_2O$.

$Sn + 2{H_2}O \to Sn{O_2} + 2{H_2}$


Dilute acids

$C$, $S$, $Ge$, $Pb$ unaffected by dilute acids.

$Pb$ does not dissolve in dil. $H_2SO_4$ due to the formation of $PbSO_4$ coating.

Concentrated

acids

Diamond is unaffected by concentrated acids, but graphite changes to metallic acid ($C_{12}H_6O_{12}$) with hot conc. $HNO_3$ and to graphite oxide with hot conc. $HF/HNO_3$.

$Si$ is oxidized and changes to $SiF_4$ By hot conc. $HNO_3/HF$.

$Pb$ does not dissolve in conc. $HCl$ Due to the formation of $PbCl_2$ Coating.



Halogens

Diamond is unreactive but graphite reacts forming $(CF)_n$.

$Si$ and $Ge$ form volatile $SiX_4$ and $GeX_4$.

$Sn$ and $Pb$ are less reactive. $Sn$ reacts with $Cl_2$ and $Br_2$ in cold, With $F_2$ and $I_2$ on warming. $Pb$ reacts with $F_2$ in cold and with $Cl_2$ on heating forming $PbX_2$.

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