Chemistry > Practical Organic Chemistry > 2.0 Summary of Solubilitiy Behaviour
Practical Organic Chemistry
1.0 Detection of Elements in Organic Compound
1.1 Detection of carbon and Hydrogen
1.2 Detection of Nitrogen, Halogens and Sulphurl
1.3 Detection of Nitrogen
1.4 Soda lime test for nitrogen
1.5 Detection of Halogens
1.6 Layer test for bromine and iodine
1.7 Detection of Sulphur
1.8 Test of halogen present in the ionic form
1.9 Detection of sulphur present in the side chains
1.10 Detection of Oxygen
2.0 Summary of Solubilitiy Behaviour
2.1 Compounds soluble in both water and ether
2.2 Compounds soluble in water but insoluble in ether
2.3 Compounds insoluble in water, but soluble in dilute sodium hydroxide
2.4 Compounds insoluble in water, but soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid
2.5 Water-insoluble hydrocarbons and oxygen compounds that do not contain N or S and are soluble in cold concentrated sulphuric acid
2.6 Compounds, not containing N or S, insoluble in concentrated sulphuric acid
2.7 Compounds that contain $N$ or $S$ which are not in groups 1-4
3.0 Detection of Functional Group
3.1 Test for Alcoholic Hydroxyl Group
3.2 Test Phenolic Hydroxyl Group
3.3 Test of Aldehyde and Ketonic Groups
3.4 Test for Aldehydic Group
3.5 Test for Ketonic Group
3.6 Tests for Carboxylic Group
3.7 Test for Primary Amine Group
3.8 Test for Secondary Amino Group
3.9 Test for Nitro Group
4.0 Methods of Separation of Mono-functional Organic Compounds from Binary Mixtures
5.0 Separation based on Differences in the volatilities of the component in aqueous solution
6.0 Determination of Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula
7.0 Solved Example (Subjective)
2.3 Compounds insoluble in water, but soluble in dilute sodium hydroxide
1.2 Detection of Nitrogen, Halogens and Sulphurl
1.3 Detection of Nitrogen
1.4 Soda lime test for nitrogen
1.5 Detection of Halogens
1.6 Layer test for bromine and iodine
1.7 Detection of Sulphur
1.8 Test of halogen present in the ionic form
1.9 Detection of sulphur present in the side chains
1.10 Detection of Oxygen
2.2 Compounds soluble in water but insoluble in ether
2.3 Compounds insoluble in water, but soluble in dilute sodium hydroxide
2.4 Compounds insoluble in water, but soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid
2.5 Water-insoluble hydrocarbons and oxygen compounds that do not contain N or S and are soluble in cold concentrated sulphuric acid
2.6 Compounds, not containing N or S, insoluble in concentrated sulphuric acid
2.7 Compounds that contain $N$ or $S$ which are not in groups 1-4
3.2 Test Phenolic Hydroxyl Group
3.3 Test of Aldehyde and Ketonic Groups
3.4 Test for Aldehydic Group
3.5 Test for Ketonic Group
3.6 Tests for Carboxylic Group
3.7 Test for Primary Amine Group
3.8 Test for Secondary Amino Group
3.9 Test for Nitro Group
It should be recalled that some of the compounds belonging to this group are sufficiently strong acid to release carbon dioxide from sodium hydrogen carbonate (e.g. carboxylic acids, sulphonic and sulphinic aids, and certain substituted phenols, see below).
Table 1: Classification of organic compounds according to solubility behaviour
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) |
| Soluble in both ether and water | Soluble in water but insoluble in ether | Soluble in 5% sodium hydroxide solution | Soluble in 5% hydrochloric acid | Not containing N or S.Soluble only in concentrated sulphuric acid | Not containing N or S. Insoluble in concentrated sulphuric acid | Neutral compounds containing N or S |
| The lower members of the homologous series of; Alcohols; Acids; Esters; Phenols; Anhydrides; Amines; Nitriles; Polyhydroxyphenols | Polybasic acids and hydroxy acids. Glycols, polyhydric alcohols, polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones (sugars). Some amides, amino acids, di- and polyamino compounds, amino alcohols. Sulphonic acids. Salts. | Acids. Phenols. Imides. Some primary and secondary nitro compounds; oximes. Thiols and thiophenols. Sulphonic acids, sulphonic acids, aminosulphonic acids and sulphonamides. Some diketones and $\beta - $keto esters | Primary amines. Secondary aliphatic and aryl-alkyl amines. Aliphatic and some aryl-alkyl tertiary amines. Hydrazines | Unsaturated Hydrocarbons. Some poly-alkylated aromatic hydrocarbons. Alcohols. Aldehydes. Ketones. Esters. Anhydrides. Ethers and acetals. Lactones. Acyl halides. | Saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. Cycloalkanes. Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Halogen derivatives of the above hydrocarbons, Diaryl ethers. | Nitro compounds (tertiary). Amides and derivatives of aldehydes and ketones. Nitriles. Negatively substituted amines. Nitroso, azo, hydrazo and other intermediate reduction products of nitro compounds. Sulphones, sulphonamides of secondary amines, sulphides, sulphates and other sulphur compounds. |
