Chemistry > d and f Block Elements > 3.0 General Trends in properties of First Row Elements
d and f Block Elements
1.0 General Introduction and Electronic Configuration
2.0 Occurrence and General Characteristics of Transition Elements
3.0 General Trends in properties of First Row Elements
3.1 Ionisation Enthalpy
3.2 Oxidation State
3.3 Atomic and Ionic Radii
3.4 Colour
3.5 Catalytic properties
3.6 Magnetic Properties
3.7 Formation of Interstitial Compounds
3.8 Alloy Formation
4.0 Potassium dichromate
5.0 Potassium permanganate
5.1 Properties of potassium permanganate
5.2 Structure of manganate ion and permanganate ion
5.3 Disproportion of an oxidation state
5.4 Uses
6.0 F-Block Elements - Introduction
7.0 Lanthanoid Series
7.1 Position of Lanthanoid Series
7.2 Electronic configuration of lanthanoids
7.3 Oxidation States
7.4 Chemical Reactivity of Lanthanides
8.0 Lanthanoid Contraction and its consequence
9.0 Actinoids Series
9.1 Position of Actinoids in periodic table
9.2 Electronic Configuration of actinoids
9.3 Oxidation states of actinoids
10.0 Comparison between lanthanoids and actinoids
3.4 Colour
3.2 Oxidation State
3.3 Atomic and Ionic Radii
3.4 Colour
3.5 Catalytic properties
3.6 Magnetic Properties
3.7 Formation of Interstitial Compounds
3.8 Alloy Formation
5.2 Structure of manganate ion and permanganate ion
5.3 Disproportion of an oxidation state
5.4 Uses
7.2 Electronic configuration of lanthanoids
7.3 Oxidation States
7.4 Chemical Reactivity of Lanthanides
9.2 Electronic Configuration of actinoids
9.3 Oxidation states of actinoids
- Most of the compounds of transition elements are coloured in their solid and aqueous solution form.
- The colour of a substance depends upon the reflection of the complimentary light colour by absorbing a light of particular wavelength.
- The metals having unpaired electrons in $3d$ are coloured.
- Groups linked to metal on ion split $d$- orbital in low energy level $dxy$, $dyz$ and $dxz$ and high energy level $d{x^2}{y^2}$ and $d{z^2}$.
- When the unpaired electrons undergo excitation from lower energy $d$-orbitals to high $d$-subshell absorb a light of specific wavelength and emit it complementary colour.
- In ${[Ti{({H_2}O)_6}]^{3 + }}{\text{ T}}{{\text{i}}^{ + 3}}$ has one unpaired electron in lower $d$ subshell and absorb yellow and green light to excite electron in higher $d$ subshell and transmit a complementary colour i.e., red blue. The solution containing $T{i^{ + 3}}$ is red blue i.e.,purple in colour.
- Complementary colours are identified by using munsel colour wheel (Opposite colours are complementary).
$3d$ Transition metal ions:
| Ion | Outer Electronic Configuration | No. of Unpaired electrons | Colour | Ion | Outer Electronic Configuration | No. of Unpaired electrons | Colour |
| $S{c^{ + 3}}$ | $$3{d^0}$$ | 0 | Colourless | $F{e^{ + 2}}$ | $$3{d^6}$$ | 4 | Palegreen |
| $T{i^{ + 3}}$ | $$3{d^1}$$ | 1 | Purple | $F{e^{ + 3}}$ | $$3{d^5}$$ | 5 | Yellow |
| $T{i^{ + 4}}$ | $$3{d^0}$$ | 0 | Colourless | $C{o^{ + 2}}$ | $$3{d^3}$$ | 3 | Pink |
| ${V^{ + 3}}$ | $$3{d^2}$$ | 2 | Green | $N{i^{ + 2}}$ | $$3{d^8}$$ | 2 | Green |
| $C{r^{ + 3}}$ | $$3{d^3}$$ | 3 | Violet | $C{u^{ + 2}}$ | $$3{d^9}$$ | 1 | Blue |
| $M{n^{ + 2}}$ | $$3{d^5}$$ | 5 | Light Pink | $C{u^{ + 1}}$ | $$3{d^10}$$ | 0 | Colourless |
| $M{n^{ + 3}}$ | $$3{d^4}$$ | 4 | Violet | $Z{n^{ + 2}}$ | $$3{d^10}$$ | 0 | Colourless |
