Chemistry > General Organic Chemistry > 4.0 Nomenclature of hydrocarbons
General Organic Chemistry
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Classification of organic compounds
3.0 Homologous series
4.0 Nomenclature of hydrocarbons
4.1 The alkanes $(C_nH_{2n+2})$
4.2 The alkenes $(C_nH_{2n})$
4.3 The alkynes $(C_nH_{2n-2})$
4.4 Combined alkenes and alkynes
4.5 Cyclic hydrocarbons
5.0 Nomenclature of compounds containing halogens and nitro groups
6.0 Nomenclature of compounds with functional groups named as suffixes
6.1 Ethers and thioethers
6.2 Alcohols & thiols
6.3 Acids, salts of acids and acid anhydrides
6.4 Esters
6.5 Acid halides
6.6 Amides
6.7 Nitriles
6.8 Aldehydes
6.9 Ketones
6.10 Amines and ammonium salts
7.0 Nomenclature of aromatic compounds
7.1 Halogen and nitro-substituted aromatics
7.2 Carboxylic acids and derivatives
7.3 Phenols and thiophenols
7.4 Aldehydes & Ketones
7.5 Sulfonic acids and sulfonic acid derivatives
7.6 Aromatic amines
7.7 Diazonium ions $\left( {ArN_2^ + } \right)$
8.0 Radicofunctional naming
9.0 Organic reactions
9.1 Substitution or displacement reactions
9.2 Addition reaction
9.3 Elimination reaction
9.4 Rearrangement reactions
10.0 Electrophiles
11.0 Nucleophiles
12.0 Breaking and forming of bonds
13.0 Reaction intermediates
13.1 Carbocations
13.2 Carbanions
13.3 Carbon radical
13.4 Carbenes
13.5 Nitrenes
13.6 Arenium ions
13.7 Benzynes
14.0 Electron displacement effects
15.0 Inductive effects
16.0 Hyperconjugation
17.0 Resonance
18.0 Mesomeric effect
19.0 Electromeric effect
20.0 Inductomeric effect
21.0 Steric inhibition of resonance
22.0 Ortho effect
4.4 Combined alkenes and alkynes
4.2 The alkenes $(C_nH_{2n})$
4.3 The alkynes $(C_nH_{2n-2})$
4.4 Combined alkenes and alkynes
4.5 Cyclic hydrocarbons
6.2 Alcohols & thiols
6.3 Acids, salts of acids and acid anhydrides
6.4 Esters
6.5 Acid halides
6.6 Amides
6.7 Nitriles
6.8 Aldehydes
6.9 Ketones
6.10 Amines and ammonium salts
7.2 Carboxylic acids and derivatives
7.3 Phenols and thiophenols
7.4 Aldehydes & Ketones
7.5 Sulfonic acids and sulfonic acid derivatives
7.6 Aromatic amines
7.7 Diazonium ions $\left( {ArN_2^ + } \right)$
9.2 Addition reaction
9.3 Elimination reaction
9.4 Rearrangement reactions
13.2 Carbanions
13.3 Carbon radical
13.4 Carbenes
13.5 Nitrenes
13.6 Arenium ions
13.7 Benzynes
It a compound has double and triple bonds then the longest chain is selected so as to contain the maximum number of double and triple bonds and is named by replacing the "ane" of the corresponding alkane by "en(e)", "adien(e)" etc, followed by "yne", "diyne" etc.
The "e" is omitted before a vowel or a "y".
The chain is numbered so as to give the lowest numbers to the double bonds, then triple bonds.
Examples:
(a).
The I.P.U.A.C. name is 1-buten-3-yne.
(b).
The I.P.U.A.C. name is 5-methyl-1,5-heptadien-3-yne.
(c).
The I.P.U.A.C. name is 2-hepten-4,6-diyne.
Groups derived from alkenes, alkynes or combined hydrocarbons are named by dropping the final "e" and replacing it by "yl".
The chain is renumbered to give the carbon with the free valence the number 1 position.
Examples
(a).
The I.P.U.A.C. name is 2-penten-4-ynyl group.
(b).
The I.P.U.A.C. name is 2-propynyl group.
(c).
The I.P.U.A.C. name is 2-butenyl group.
(d).
The I.P.U.A.C. name is ethynyl group.
Special note: The following compounds have a special name:
(a). Vinyl group
(b). Allyl group
(c). Propargyl group
