Chemistry > General Organic Chemistry > 6.0 Nomenclature of compounds with functional groups named as suffixes
General Organic Chemistry
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Classification of organic compounds
3.0 Homologous series
4.0 Nomenclature of hydrocarbons
4.1 The alkanes $(C_nH_{2n+2})$
4.2 The alkenes $(C_nH_{2n})$
4.3 The alkynes $(C_nH_{2n-2})$
4.4 Combined alkenes and alkynes
4.5 Cyclic hydrocarbons
5.0 Nomenclature of compounds containing halogens and nitro groups
6.0 Nomenclature of compounds with functional groups named as suffixes
6.1 Ethers and thioethers
6.2 Alcohols & thiols
6.3 Acids, salts of acids and acid anhydrides
6.4 Esters
6.5 Acid halides
6.6 Amides
6.7 Nitriles
6.8 Aldehydes
6.9 Ketones
6.10 Amines and ammonium salts
7.0 Nomenclature of aromatic compounds
7.1 Halogen and nitro-substituted aromatics
7.2 Carboxylic acids and derivatives
7.3 Phenols and thiophenols
7.4 Aldehydes & Ketones
7.5 Sulfonic acids and sulfonic acid derivatives
7.6 Aromatic amines
7.7 Diazonium ions $\left( {ArN_2^ + } \right)$
8.0 Radicofunctional naming
9.0 Organic reactions
9.1 Substitution or displacement reactions
9.2 Addition reaction
9.3 Elimination reaction
9.4 Rearrangement reactions
10.0 Electrophiles
11.0 Nucleophiles
12.0 Breaking and forming of bonds
13.0 Reaction intermediates
13.1 Carbocations
13.2 Carbanions
13.3 Carbon radical
13.4 Carbenes
13.5 Nitrenes
13.6 Arenium ions
13.7 Benzynes
14.0 Electron displacement effects
15.0 Inductive effects
16.0 Hyperconjugation
17.0 Resonance
18.0 Mesomeric effect
19.0 Electromeric effect
20.0 Inductomeric effect
21.0 Steric inhibition of resonance
22.0 Ortho effect
6.3 Acids, salts of acids and acid anhydrides
4.2 The alkenes $(C_nH_{2n})$
4.3 The alkynes $(C_nH_{2n-2})$
4.4 Combined alkenes and alkynes
4.5 Cyclic hydrocarbons
6.2 Alcohols & thiols
6.3 Acids, salts of acids and acid anhydrides
6.4 Esters
6.5 Acid halides
6.6 Amides
6.7 Nitriles
6.8 Aldehydes
6.9 Ketones
6.10 Amines and ammonium salts
7.2 Carboxylic acids and derivatives
7.3 Phenols and thiophenols
7.4 Aldehydes & Ketones
7.5 Sulfonic acids and sulfonic acid derivatives
7.6 Aromatic amines
7.7 Diazonium ions $\left( {ArN_2^ + } \right)$
9.2 Addition reaction
9.3 Elimination reaction
9.4 Rearrangement reactions
13.2 Carbanions
13.3 Carbon radical
13.4 Carbenes
13.5 Nitrenes
13.6 Arenium ions
13.7 Benzynes
Carboxylic acids are named by identifying the longest carbon chain containing the carboxylic acid functional group and using this carbon chain as the stem for the carboxylic acid name.
The ending "-anoic acid" is added to the stem to indicate that the compound is a carboxylic acid.
Examples:
| hexanoic acid |
| 2-bromo-3-methylpentanoic acid |
| 2-ethyl-3-butenoic acid |
List of the carboxylic acids that have special (trivial) names which are preferred to the formal (systematic) names.
| Formula | Trivial name | Systematic name |
| formic acid | methanoic acid |
| acetic acid | ethanoic acid |
| propionic acid | propanoic acid |
| butyric acid | butanoic acid |
| oxalic acid | ethanedioc acid |
| malonic acid | propanedioic acid |
| succinic acid | butanedioic acid |
| fumaric acid | E- butenedioic acid |
| maleic acid | Z- butenedioic acid |
| lactic acid | 2-hydroxypropionic acid |
The stem name formed by removal of "ic" from the trivial name is also used in naming other acid derivatives and aldehydes.
Acid anhydrides: are named when symmetrical by replacement of the word "acid" by "anhydride". When unsymmetrical, the two acid groups are named as separate words in alphabetical order and the word anhydride is added.
Examples:
| acetic anhydride |
| acetic butyric anhydride |
Acid salts: are named by replacing the "ic" ending of the acid name with "ate".
Examples:
| sodium butyrate |
| ammonium acetate |
| potassium 5,5-dimethylhexanoate |
| calcium formate (or calcium diformate) |
