Chemistry > General Organic Chemistry > 2.0 Classification of organic compounds
General Organic Chemistry
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Classification of organic compounds
3.0 Homologous series
4.0 Nomenclature of hydrocarbons
4.1 The alkanes $(C_nH_{2n+2})$
4.2 The alkenes $(C_nH_{2n})$
4.3 The alkynes $(C_nH_{2n-2})$
4.4 Combined alkenes and alkynes
4.5 Cyclic hydrocarbons
5.0 Nomenclature of compounds containing halogens and nitro groups
6.0 Nomenclature of compounds with functional groups named as suffixes
6.1 Ethers and thioethers
6.2 Alcohols & thiols
6.3 Acids, salts of acids and acid anhydrides
6.4 Esters
6.5 Acid halides
6.6 Amides
6.7 Nitriles
6.8 Aldehydes
6.9 Ketones
6.10 Amines and ammonium salts
7.0 Nomenclature of aromatic compounds
7.1 Halogen and nitro-substituted aromatics
7.2 Carboxylic acids and derivatives
7.3 Phenols and thiophenols
7.4 Aldehydes & Ketones
7.5 Sulfonic acids and sulfonic acid derivatives
7.6 Aromatic amines
7.7 Diazonium ions $\left( {ArN_2^ + } \right)$
8.0 Radicofunctional naming
9.0 Organic reactions
9.1 Substitution or displacement reactions
9.2 Addition reaction
9.3 Elimination reaction
9.4 Rearrangement reactions
10.0 Electrophiles
11.0 Nucleophiles
12.0 Breaking and forming of bonds
13.0 Reaction intermediates
13.1 Carbocations
13.2 Carbanions
13.3 Carbon radical
13.4 Carbenes
13.5 Nitrenes
13.6 Arenium ions
13.7 Benzynes
14.0 Electron displacement effects
15.0 Inductive effects
16.0 Hyperconjugation
17.0 Resonance
18.0 Mesomeric effect
19.0 Electromeric effect
20.0 Inductomeric effect
21.0 Steric inhibition of resonance
22.0 Ortho effect
2.1 Classification based on structure
4.2 The alkenes $(C_nH_{2n})$
4.3 The alkynes $(C_nH_{2n-2})$
4.4 Combined alkenes and alkynes
4.5 Cyclic hydrocarbons
6.2 Alcohols & thiols
6.3 Acids, salts of acids and acid anhydrides
6.4 Esters
6.5 Acid halides
6.6 Amides
6.7 Nitriles
6.8 Aldehydes
6.9 Ketones
6.10 Amines and ammonium salts
7.2 Carboxylic acids and derivatives
7.3 Phenols and thiophenols
7.4 Aldehydes & Ketones
7.5 Sulfonic acids and sulfonic acid derivatives
7.6 Aromatic amines
7.7 Diazonium ions $\left( {ArN_2^ + } \right)$
9.2 Addition reaction
9.3 Elimination reaction
9.4 Rearrangement reactions
13.2 Carbanions
13.3 Carbon radical
13.4 Carbenes
13.5 Nitrenes
13.6 Arenium ions
13.7 Benzynes
(A). Open chain or aliphatic or acyclic compounds: The compound which consists of straight chain or branched chain compounds.
(B). Closed chain or cyclic compounds
The compounds in which carbon atoms are joined in the form of a closed ring.
Sometimes atoms other than carbon are also present in the ring.
(C). Homocyclic or carbocyclic
Homocyclic compounds consist only of the carbon atoms within its ring.
(D). Alicyclic homocyclic compounds:
- Alicyclic homocyclic are aliphatic compounds that contain one or more rings.
- They do not have aromatic character.
- They may have one or more aliphatic side chains attached.
- They contain one or more all carbon ring which may be either saturated or unsaturated.
Cyclopropane is the smallest alicyclic compound.
(E). Aromatic homocyclic compounds:
Aromatic compounds are special type of compound.
The aromatic compound is very stable and has a planar structure.
Generally, these compounds have some fragrant odor and hence named aromatic (Greek word aroma meaning sweet smell).
We will discuss aromatic compound in details in next chapter.
Aromatic compounds are of two types.
1. Benzenoid aromatic compounds: is a six-membered carbocyclic ring having alternate single and double bonds.
2. Non-benzenoid aromatic compounds: The aromatic compounds which have structural unit different from benzenoid type are known as a non-benzenoid aromatic compound.
(F). Heterocyclic compounds
A heterocyclic compound or ring structure is a cyclic compound that has atom of at least two different elements as member of its ring.
(G). Alicyclic heterocyclic compounds
(H). Aromatic heterocyclic compounds
